Cecil Blount DeMille (August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an American film director and film producer in both silent and sound films.

DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved on to writing and directing stage productions. He directed his first film,The Squaw Man, released in 1914 and would go on to direct dozens of silent films before transitioning to sound films in 1929.

DeMille was renowned for the flamboyance and showmanship of his movies. Among his best-known films are Cleopatra (1934); Samson and Delilah (1949); The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture; and The Ten Commandments(1956), which was his last and most successful film. In addition to his Academy Award win, he was also awarded an Academy Honorary Award for his film contributions, the Palme d'Or, a DGA Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, which is named in his honor.

He was married to Constance Adams DeMille in 1902 with whom he had four children: Cecilia, Katherine, John, and Richard. DeMille died in January 1959 of a heart ailment at the age of 77.

Early life

DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. While he is known as DeMille (his nom d'oeuvre), his family name was Dutch and is usually spelled "de Mil". His father, Henry Churchill de Mille(1853–1893), was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church, who had earlier begun a career as a playwright, writing his first play at age 15. His mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille (née Samuel), whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, where they settled in Brooklyn, New York. According to biographer Carol Easton, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household.

He had an elder brother William, and a sister Agnes who died in childhood. DeMille's niece, who later became a dancer and choreographer, was named after her. He is credited with providing her name.

DeMille's parents met while they were both members of a local music and literary society in New York. She was attracted to Henry, a tall, redheaded student who shared her love of the theater. While he was "slender and mild-mannered", she had dark good looks that "must have seemed to him exotic", writes Easton. She was also intelligent, educated, forthright, and strong-willed, and they were mutually attracted to each other. They were both born in 1853. She would later convert to Henry's faith when they married. Henry worked as a playwright, administrator, and faculty member during the early years of The American Academy of Dramatic Arts, established in New York City in 1884.

They lived in Wayne, New Jersey in a house built by Henry DeMille. The family spent much time in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, operating a private school in that town and attending Christ Episcopal Church there. Cecil B. DeMille had said that it was while attending that church where he got the idea for The Ten Commandments.

In 1893, at the age of 40, Henry contracted typhoid fever and died, leaving Beatrice with three children, a house, and no savings. Cecil was 11 at the time. Until Henry's sudden death, they had both loved the theater, and she "enthusiastically supported" her husband's theatrical aspirations. Recognizing his love of the theater and his efforts to become a playwright and producer, she wrote at his funeral:

"May your sons be as fine and as noble and good and honest as you were. May they follow in your steps . . . "

Within eight weeks after his death, to provide an income for the family, Beatrice opened an acting workshop in her home, the Henry C. De Mille School for Girls. She would later become one of the few successful women theater promoters on Broadway. DeMille attended Pennsylvania Military College in Chester, Pennsylvania from the age of 15. Both he (Class of 1900) and his brother William (Class of 1901) also attended and graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, which they attended on scholarship. The Academy later honored DeMille with an Alumni Achievement Award.

Broadway

DeMille began his career as an actor on the Broadway stage in the theatrical company of Charles Frohman in 1900. His brother William was already establishing himself as a playwright and sometimes worked in collaboration with Cecil. DeMille co-starred with some of the men and women whom he would later direct in films (i.e. Charlotte Walker, Mary Pickford, and Pedro de Cordoba, among others). DeMille also served as producer and/or director for many plays. De Mille found success in the spring of 1913 producing Reckless Age by Lee Wilson. The story about a high society girl wrongly accused of manslaughter starred Frederick Burton and Sydney Shields. Some of these plays were later adapted into silent and sound films. DeMille and his brother occasionally worked with David Belasco. Belasco was legendary for the way he lit his stage scenes, as well as creating a lurid atmosphere. In 1911, Belasco premiered a play titled The Return of Peter Grimm. DeMille claimed he wrote the play and that Belasco had plagiarized DeMille's work without compensation. DeMille later adopted many of Belasco's stage lighting and atmospheric techniques in such films as The Cheat, a move some saw as revenge against Belasco.

Motion pictures

DeMille entered films in 1913. He directed dozens of silent films, including Paramount Pictures' first production, The Squaw Man (1914), which was co-directed by Oscar Apfel, before coming into huge popularity during the late 1910s and early 1920s, when he reached the apex of his popularity with such films as Don't Change Your Husband (1919), The Ten Commandments (1923), and The King of Kings (1927). A few of his silent films featured scenes in two-color Technicolor.

DeMille remade his early hit The Squaw Man twice, once as a silent film The Squaw Man (1918) and then as a sound film The Squaw Man(1931). All three were based on a hit play The Squaw Man about a wrongly disgraced British aristocrat who settles in the Wild West.

Cecil B. DeMille was known for being an instrumental catalyst for the rising status of many a struggling or unknown actor. Actor Richard Dix's best-remembered early role was in the silent version of DeMille's The Ten Commandments. Richard Cromwell owed his 1930s movie fame in part to being personally selected by DeMille for the role as the leader of the youth gang in DeMille's poignant, now cult-favorite, This Day and Age (1933). To ensure that Cromwell's character used current slang, DeMille asked Horace Hahn to read the script and comment (at the time, Hahn was senior class president at Los Angeles High School).

DeMille displayed a loyalty to certain supporting performers, casting them repeatedly in his pictures. They included Henry Wilcoxon, Julia Faye, Joseph Schildkraut, Ian Keith, Charles Bickford, Theodore Roberts, Akim Tamiroff and William Boyd. He also cast leading actors such as Claudette Colbert, Gloria Swanson, Gary Cooper, Jetta Goudal, Robert Preston, Paulette Goddard and Charlton Heston in multiple pictures. He was not known as a particularly good director of actors, often hiring actors whom he relied on to develop their own characters and act accordingly.

DeMille had a reputation for tyrannical behavior on the set, and he despised actors who were unwilling to take physical risks. Such was the case with Victor Mature in Samson and Delilah, when Mature refused to wrestle the lion, though the lion was tame and toothless. (DeMille remarked that Mature was "100% yellow"). Paulette Goddard's refusal to risk personal injury in a scene involving fire in Unconquered cost her DeMille's favor and probably a role in The Greatest Show on Earth. DeMille was, however, adept at directing "thousands of extras", and many of his pictures included spectacular set pieces, such as the parting of the Red Sea in both versions of The Ten Commandments, the toppling of the pagan temple in Samson and Delilah, train wrecks in The Road to Yesterday, Union Pacific and The Greatest Show on Earth, and the destruction of a zeppelin in Madame Satan.

DeMille was one of the first directors in Hollywood to become a celebrity in his own right. From 1936 to 1944, DeMille hosted and acted as pitchman for Cecil B. DeMille's Lux Radio Theater, a popular dramatic radio show of the time. Gloria Swanson immortalized DeMille with the oft-repeated line, "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up" in Billy Wilder's Sunset Boulevard, wherein DeMille played himself. DeMille also appeared as himself in Paramount's 1947 all-star musical comedy Variety Girl and he narrated many of his later films, as well as appearing on screen in the introduction to The Ten Commandments.

DeMille first used three-strip Technicolor in Northwest Mounted Police (1940). Following the favorable response to the vivid color photography, shot partly on location in the Canadian Rockies, DeMille decided to always use Technicolor in his films.

While he continued to be prolific throughout the 1930s and 1940s, he is probably best known for his 1956 film The Ten Commandments(which is very different from his 1923 film of the same title). Also representative of his penchant for the spectacular was the 1952 production of The Greatest Show on Earth which gave DeMille an Oscar for best picture and a nomination for best director.

In 1949 or 1950, DeMille was recruited by Allen Dulles and Frank Wisner to serve on the board of the anti-communist National Committee for a Free Europe, the public face of the organization that oversaw the Radio Free Europe service. In 1954, Secretary of the Air Force Harold E. Talbott sought out DeMille for help in designing the cadet uniforms at the newly established United States Air Force Academy. DeMille's designs—most notably his design of the distinctive cadet parade uniform—won praise from Air Force and Academy leadership, were ultimately adopted, and are worn by cadets today.

Near the end of his life, DeMille began pre-production work on a film biography of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement and had asked David Niven to star in the film, which was never made. Because of illness, he asked his son-in-law, actor Anthony Quinn, to direct a remake of his 1938 film The Buccaneer; although DeMille served as executive producer, he was unhappy with Quinn's work and tried unsuccessfully to remedy the situation. Despite a cast led by Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner and some impressive battle scenes, the film was considered a disappointment by many.

Though DeMille was respected by his peers, his individual films were often criticized by them. "Directorially, I think his pictures were the most horrible things I've ever seen in my life", said director William Wellman. "But he put on pictures that made a fortune. In that respect, he was better than any of us." Critic Pauline Kael called De Mille "a sanctimonious manipulator - [he] used to satisfy the voyeuristic needs of the God-abiding by showing them what they were missing by being good and then soothe them by showing them the terrible punishments they escaped by being good."

Personal life

DeMille married Constance Adams on August 16, 1902 and had one child, Cecilia. They also adopted two sons, John and Richard, the latter of whom became a notable filmmaker, author, and psychologist.

Death

During on-location filming in Egypt of the Exodus sequence for 1956's The Ten Commandments, the then-75-year-old DeMille climbed a 107-foot ladder to the top of the massive Per Rameses set and suffered a near-fatal heart attack. Against his doctor's orders, DeMille was back directing the film within a week.

Though DeMille completed the film, it proved to be his last for he never fully recovered. His doctor made a house call to him on evening of January 20, 1959 and recommended he go to the hospital, and he replied, "no, I think I'll going to the morgue instead," and again did not follow his doctor's orders. He died on January 21, 1959 of a heart ailment. DeMille's funeral was held on January 23 at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church. He was entombed in Hollywood Memorial Cemetery (now known as Hollywood Forever Cemetery). At the time of his death, he was planning to direct a movie about space travel. He also wanted to do a film on the Biblical Book of Revelation. The couple also adopted Katherine Lester in the early 1920s; her father had been killed in World War I and her mother had died of tuberculosis. Katherine married Anthony Quinn.

Legacy and honors

For his contribution to the motion picture and radio industry, Cecil B. DeMille has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The first, for radio contributions, is located at 6240 Vine Street. The second star is located at 1725 Vine Street.[17]

Most of the DeMille motion picture library now resides with EMKA, Ltd., through the television division of NBC Universal, due to Paramount Pictures' losing the rights to the DeMille films in 1958 to EMKA. So technically it is Universal Pictures that now oversees a vast part of DeMille's motion picture career as well as its related archival material. Samson and Delilah, although pre-1950, has been retained by Paramount, as are all the DeMille/Paramount silent films produced before 1928, and all sound films produced after 1950. Television distribution for those films is handled by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. One pre-1950 film, Madam Satan, produced by MGM, is now owned by Warner Bros. Pictures (through Turner Entertainment).

In the mid-1950s, DeMille oversaw the development of a family of distinctive uniforms designed for use by the cadets at the new Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. For this, he received the Defense Department's Exceptional Service Award.

The former film building at Chapman University in Orange, California is named in honor of DeMille. The Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts now resides in Marion Knotts Studios.

The Golden Globe's annual Cecil B. DeMille Award recognizes lifetime achievement in the film industry.

Two schools are named after him, Cecil B. DeMille Middle School, in Long Beach, California, closed and demolished in 2007 to make way for a new high school, and Cecil B. DeMille Elementary School in Midway City, California.

Silent films

• The Squaw Man (1914)
• Brewster's Millions (1914, Lost)
• The Master Mind (1914, Lost)
• The Only Son (1914, Lost)
• The Man on the Box (1914, Lost)
• The Call of the North (1914)
• The Virginian (1914)
• What's His Name (1914)
• The Man from Home (1914)
• Rose of the Rancho (1914)
• The Ghost Breaker (1914, Lost)
• The Girl of the Golden West (1915)
• After Five (1915, Lost)
• The Warrens of Virginia (1915)
• The Unafraid (1915)
• The Captive (1915)
• The Wild Goose Chase (1915, Lost)
• The Arab (1915)
• Chimmie Fadden (1915, Lost)
• Kindling (1915)
• Carmen (1915)
• Chimmie Fadden Out West (1915)
• The Cheat (1915)
• Temptation (1915, Lost)
• The Golden Chance (1915)
• The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1916)
• The Heart of Nora Flynn (1916)
• Maria Rosa (1916)
• The Dream Girl (1916, Lost)
• Joan the Woman (1917)
• Lost and Won (1917)
• A Romance of the Redwoods (1917)
• The Little American (1917)
• The Woman God Forgot (1917)
• Nan of Music Mountain (1917, Lost)
• The Devil-Stone (1917)
• The Whispering Chorus (1918)
• Old Wives for New (1918)
• We Can't Have Everything (1918, Lost)
• Till I Come Back to You (1918)
• The Squaw Man (1918)
• Don't Change Your Husband (1919)
• For Better, for Worse (1919)
• Male and Female (1919)
• Why Change Your Wife? (1920)
• Something to Think About (1920)
• Forbidden Fruit (1921)
• The Affairs of Anatol (1921)
• Fool's Paradise (1921)
• Saturday Night (1922, Lost)
• Manslaughter (1922)
• Adam's Rib (1923)
• The Ten Commandments (1923)
• Triumph (1924)
• Feet of Clay (1924, Lost)
• The Golden Bed (1925)
• The Road to Yesterday (1925)
• The Volga Boatman (1926)
• The King of Kings (1927)
• Walking Back (1928)
• The Godless Girl (1929)

Sound films

• Dynamite (1929)
• Madam Satan (1930)
• The Squaw Man (1931)
• The Sign of the Cross (1932)
• This Day and Age (1933)
• Four Frightened People (1934)
• Cleopatra (1934)
• The Crusades (1935)
• The Plainsman (1936)
• The Buccaneer (1938)
• Union Pacific (1939)
• North West Mounted Police (1940)
• Reap the Wild Wind (1942)
• The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944)
• Unconquered (1947)
• California's Golden Beginning (1948, short subject)
• Samson and Delilah (1949)
• The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
• The Ten Commandments (1956)

Actor

• A Trip to Paramountown (1922, short subject)
• Felix in Hollywood (1923, short subject)
• Hollywood (1923)
• Jens Månsson i Amerika (1947)
• Variety Girl (1947)
• Sunset Boulevard (1950)
• The Fallbrook Story (1951, short subject)
• Son of Paleface (1952)
• The Greatest Show on Earth (1952, Narrator)
• The Ten Commandments (1956, Intro and narrator)

Awards

Year Award Category Title of work 1950 Academy Award Academy Honorary Award – 1953 Academy Award Best Picture The Greatest Show On Earth 1953 Academy Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award – 1939 Palme d'Or – Union Pacific 1953 Directors Guild of America Award Lifetime Achievement Award – 1952 Golden Globe Award Cecil B. DeMille Award – 1953 Golden Globe Award Best Director The Greatest Show on Earth 1958 Laurel Awards Top Producer/Director –